58 Marking Punctuation

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Marking Punctuation

Start-Up Activity

Show your students the following paragraph, without any punctuation:

When days grow shorter leaves change colors the chlorophyll in them breaks down the leaves then show the colors that were there all along other chemical changes create some colors like intense red purple or yellow when they are gone they leave just gray black and brown hues that are not very cheerful until the first buds of spring appear

Ask your students if the lack of punctuation makes the writing hard to read. Then have them suggest places where commas and periods should be added.

Think About It

"To me, part of the beauty of a comma is that it offers a rest, like one in music: a break that gives the whole piece of music greater shape, deeper harmony. It allows us to catch our breath."

—Pico Iyer

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Ellipsis

Use this page to help students understand the proper way to form ellipses. They consist of three periods with a space between each. If an ellipsis follows a complete sentence, students should place the normal period at the end of the sentence, followed by a space and then the three spaced periods, with a final space afterward.

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Comma

Use this page and those that follow to help students master the most-used (and misused) punctuation mark in writing. Introduce the purpose of each rule in the purple box on the left, present the rule on the right, and talk students through the examples. For more material to teach these rules, see the Writers Express SkillsBook (Level 4) and Writers Express SkillsBook (Level 5).

 

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Comma (continued)

Perhaps the most important rule on this page is the second one, using a comma before the coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence. This comma prevents misreading. Without the comma, the subject of the second clause often looks like an object in the previous sentence.

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Semicolon

Make sure to teach the two final comma rules, which are important to help readers understand ideas.

Also, teach semicolons, which function like "hard" commas or "soft" periods. A semicolon doesn't provide a full stop (like a period), but it is strong enough to join two sentences without a conjunction.

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Colon

Help your students understand that a colon introduces a list or draws attention to what follows. However, make sure they understand that they should not use a colon after a preposition or a verb. A colon can't stand between a preposition and its object or between a verb and its object.

Also, show the special uses of colons: in salutations (formal letters) and in time.

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Hyphen

Hyphenation of compounds and fractions does not appear until later grades in the Common Core State Standards. As a result, you can use this page primarily as a reference.

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Dash and Apostrophe

Though the dash is rarely used by fourth and fifth grade writers, it can create some dramatic effects in narratives.

The apostrophe rules that begin on this page are especially important for writers at this level, helping them form contractions and possessives. You can supplement your instruction from these pages with the minilessons.

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Quotation Marks

Use this page to help your students understand the many important uses of quotation marks. Most students will be familiar with using them to mark the words of a speaker, but some may not be certain of the correct placement of punctuation at the end of quoted material. Review the second rule to help students understand.

Point out that quotation marks also set off titles of shorter works.

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Question Mark, Exclamation Point, and Parentheses

Use this page to review the correct use of these very familiar punctuation marks.

 

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Italics and Underlining

Use this page to help your students understand the correct use of italics or underlining to mark the titles of large works, aircraft, ships, foreign words, and words discussed as words.

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