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45 Reading Nonfiction

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Reading Nonfiction Chapter Opener

Start-Up Activity

Flash a series of traffic signs in front of your class, and have them read them aloud: "Stop," "Speed Limit 20," "Do Not Enter," "One Way," "Dead End," etc. (You can do this on cards or by projecting images on a screen.) Point out to students that, once they learn to read, words simply pour into them through their eyes. They can't help reading whatever words appear before them.

Still, that doesn't mean they will remember what they read. As they ride down a road, words pour in and they pour right back out again. Who could recount all the signs in order after a drive?

To hold onto the ideas that they read, students need to read actively. They need not only to let the words flow over them, but to capture and absorb the ideas. This chapter provides plenty of strategies to do so.

Think About It

“Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours.”

—John Locke

Page 384 from Write Ahead

Reading Textbooks

Most students see textbook reading as a necessary evil—something to do once and be done. Help them realize that if they take a minute before diving in, though, they will be able to understand the material better, read it faster, and remember more of it. The two tips on this page help students use a little time up front to save a lot of time later.

First, students should consider the reading situation, just as they consider the writing situation. They need to know why they are reading and what they need to do with the material later.

Next, students should preview the material to see how it is organized, reading headings and captions, looking at graphs and pictures, and reading vocabulary words. This step helps them understand what is coming and form questions that will be answered, for example, "What is the peripheral nervous system?" and "How does the autonomic nervous system relate to the peripheral nervous system?"

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Page 385 from Write Ahead

As You Read . . .

Help students break their readings into manageable chunks, using natural divisions created by headings, pages, and chapters. Also, help students turn the headings into questions, as shown on the latter half of the page. These strategies will help students think more critically about their readings and will also set them up for taking reading notes (as shown on the next page).

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Page 386 from Write Ahead

Take notes as you read.

Use this page to convince students of the importance of taking reading notes. After presenting the bulleted points at the top of the page, review the four note-taking strategies at the bottom of the page. Remind students of the many graphic organizers available to them (page 48). Also, describe and demonstrate double and triple-column notes:

  • Double column notes: Draw a vertical line down the center of a sheet of paper. Take reading notes on the left half, and write reflections on the right half.
  • Triple column notes: Draw two vertical lines down a sheet of paper, dividing it into thirds. Write reading notes in the left column, reflections in the middle, and lecture notes in the right column.

For more note taking in specific classes, see "Taking Notes in Science" on page 292, "Taking Notes in Social Studies" on page 302, and "Taking Notes in Math" on page 314.

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Page 387 from Write Ahead

After You Read . . .

Use this page to help students realize that studying is an ongoing activity. If they study only on the night before a test, they store the new learning in short-term memory. It vanishes once the test is over. If, however, they study a little bit each day, they will be storing the information in long-term memory, where it will remain.

Lead your students through the tips on this page. If you wish, you can use them as a poll, asking for a show of hands from students who use the strategy in studying. Then challenge students to choose at least two of these strategies to apply over the next two weeks to improve their learning in each of their classes.

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Page 388 from Write Ahead

Reading Web Pages

Use this material to help students closely read Web pages. Of course, the quality of such pages varies wldely, from well edited and carefully curated articles to amateurish and delusional blog posts. As a result, students need to be especially careful in considering their reasons for reading and the writer's reasons for writing.

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Page 389 from Write Ahead

Analyzing Organization

Just as students can use graphic organizers to gather and arrange details for their own writing, they can also use them to analyze the details and organization of texts they are reading.

Run through the description of each organizational pattern, along with what to look for, and the type of graphic organizer they can use. Help students understand that they can fill in these organizers as part of their reading notes. Provide them copies of these organizers:

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Page 390 from Write Ahead

Analyzing Signal Words

Show students how this list of signal words parallels the list of transition words on page 100. That's because writing is the process of encoding ideas into words and sentences, and reading is the process of decoding sentences and words into ideas. They are reflexive processes, and the same words help writers and readers.

Point out that each signal word helps the reader know how the details are organized. They connect ideas together just as tendons connect muscles to bones.

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