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56 Editing for Mechanics

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483
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Editing for Mechanics Section Opener

Start-Up Activity

Ask students to guess at the meaning of the following words:

  • majuscule

  • minuscule

Students who know that minuscule means "small" might be able to guess that majuscule means "large." If you tell them the root uncial means "by the inch," students might realize that both of these terms relate to large and small type. Before the third century C.E., Latin was written in majuscule letters (all capitals), which required multiple strokes to complete. However, to ease the work of scribes, minuscule letters (lowercase) were created, allowing one continuous cursive stroke to form a single letter. Eventually, capitals were used at the beginning of sentences and to emphasize proper nouns, and lowercase letters were used for most other words.

Of course, these are the basic rules we still use. The following pages explain a few particulars and exceptions.

Think About It

“I'm never going to be famous. My name will never be writ large on the roster of Those Who Do Things. I don't do anything. Not one single thing. I used to bite my nails, but I don't even do that anymore.”

—Dorothy Parker

Page 484 from Write Ahead

Capitalization

When students capitalize titles used with names, historical names, organizations, and days of the week, they are simply applying one rule: Capitalize proper nouns.

However, students should capitalize the title only if it precedes the name, not if it appears alone or follows the name. So "President Donald Trump" is correct, as is "Donald Trump, president of the United States," but "Donald Trump, President of the United States" is incorrect, as is "I spoke to the President yesterday."

Students should capitalize abbreviations of titles and organizations.

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Page 485 from Write Ahead

Capitalization (Cont.)

From kindergarten on, students have known to capitalize first words in sentences and names of people. Help them understand that anytime they use a word in place of a name, the word should be capitalized.

  • "Hey, Brother, what are you doing?" "Well, Sis, I was making breakfast for Mom."

The words Brother, Sis, and Mom could be replaced with the person's name "Hey, Daniel, what are you doing?" "Well, Jan, I was making breakfast for Susan." If possessives like my, his, or your come before the word, it should not be capitalized because it could not be replaced with the person's name.

  • "Hey, my brother, what are you doing?" "Well, my sister, I was making breakfast for our mother." (You can't replace the words with names: "Hey, my Daniel, what are you doing." "Well, my Jan, I was making breakfast for our Susan."
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Page 486 from Write Ahead

Capitalization (Cont.)

Students should capitalize letters that indicate shape in compound words, such as X-wing fighter and S-curve.

Students should also capitalize names of languages, religions, nationalities, and races—all of which are proper nouns.

Review with students the "Capitalize" and "Do Not Capitalize" items in the chart at the bottom of the page.

State Standard Reference:
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TEKS Standard:
NE ELA Standard:

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Page 487 from Write Ahead

Capitalization (Cont.)

In titles, students should capitalize the first word, the last word, and all words in between except articles (a, an, the), short prepositions (in, of, at), and coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet). Students should capitalize other short words like Me, Is, It, and If.

  • Life Is Beautiful
  • Dream It and Do It
  • When, If Not Now

Students also should capitalize the names of particular sections of the country such as "the West" (but not cardinal directions, such as "head west for two miles").

The official names of businesses and products also should be capitalized.

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Page 488 from Write Ahead

Plurals

Review the basic rules for forming plurals. Most often, students add an s to the singular form, but some singular forms do not change to become plural (singular fish and plural fish).

Explain the rules for making plurals of words ending in o and nouns ending in ful.

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Page 489 from Write Ahead

Plurals (Cont.)

Continue presenting the spelling exceptions for forming plurals with nouns ending in f or fe, nouns ending in y, and plurals of letters, numbers, and words discussed as words by adding an 's. Also review the words that have irregular spelling for plural forms. Note that this last group of words form plurals oddly because they are ancient Anglo Saxon or Latin constructions that came into the English language before it had worked out its conventions for plurals.

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Plurals

To form plurals with compound nouns, students should make the most important part of the compound plural.

Incorrect: sister-in-laws, man-at-arms

Correct: sisters-in-law, men-at-arms

Note that this rule is exactly the opposite of the rule for forming possessives: sister-in-law's (singular possessive) or sisters-in-law's (plural possessive).

Help students understand that collective nouns may express a singular unit or plural individuals in a group. "The staff chooses its favorite product" makes sense, but "The staff puts on its uniform" does not make sense. In the latter case, staff should be plural: "The staff put on their uniforms."

Abbreviations

Remind students to avoid most abbreviations in formal writing. They can use the common ones listed in the middle of this page.

Explain that acronyms are pronounced as words and do not include periods. (See the next page for initialisms.)

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Page 491 from Write Ahead

Abbreviations (Cont.)

Unlike acronyms, initialisms can't be pronounced as words. Instead, each letter is pronounced individually—teevee for "TV," for example.

Have students bookmark this page to find standard and postal styles for state and address abbreviations.

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Page 492 from Write Ahead

Common Abbreviations

Point students to these common abbreviations, which work well in technical and scientific writing but should mostly be avoided in formal writing.

Numbers

Teach students to write out numbers one through nine and spell numbers 10 and above. The other rules on this page and the next are exceptions to this rule.

Very large numbers can use a combination of numerals and words (6.5 million), two words (six million), or numbers alone (6,534,000).

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Numbers (Cont.)

Students should spell out numbers at sentence beginnings.

When another number is used with a compound modifier that includes a number, students should use a numeral in the compound.

Time and money and other types of information always uses numerals. Have students flag this page to return to when they run into these instances.

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