02 Traits of Writing

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Traits of Writing Chapter Opener

Start-Up Activity

On the board, display two examples of writing, one bad and one good. (If possible, find examples that have the same topic.) Read through the bad example and ask students why it is bad. List their responses. Read through the good example and lead a discussion about the qualities that make it work.

Point out to students that good writing communicates interesting ideas clearly to the reader. Bad writing fails to communicate interesting ideas due to any number of problems.

Let students know that this chapter focuses on the traits of effective writing: ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentences, and conventions. Students will be able to target different traits at different steps in the process in order to improve all of their writing.

Think About It

"Quality is never an accident. It is always the result of intelligent effort."

—John Ruskin

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Traits of Writing

Use this page as an overview of the traits of writing. Have a volunteer read the description of each trait. Afterward, point out that the traits begin with very broad issues and progressively become more and more focused:

  • Ideas deal with the broad concerns of subject, topic, focus, and support.
  • Organization selects a structure for the ideas and puts them in order in paragraphs.
  • Voice focuses on how to express those ideas.
  • Word choice focuses on specific nouns, active verbs, and descriptive modifiers to carry ideas.
  • Sentence fluency organizes those words in sentences.
  • Conventions address each punctuation mark and spelling rule.

The writing process starts with the students' ideas: something to say and a reason to say it. As students work through the process, they gradually add more traits until they have a polished, finished product.

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The Traits in Action

Ask a volunteer to read each example. Then lead a discussion using the notes before and after the example.

Help students understand that the "king of the traits" is ideas. The whole point of writing is to communicate ideas—to transmit thoughts from the writer's brain to the reader's brain. That's why ideas are the first focus of prewriting, writing, and revising. Once the ideas are strong, writers focus on the other traits to make sure that the ideas are clearly communicated.

Organization deals with arranging ideas so that readers can easily grab onto them.

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Voice and Word Choice

Have volunteers read the two models on this page and discuss the traits demonstrated in each.

Students often struggle to understand voice. Tell them to imagine getting a phone call from a friend who is anxiously seeking help with an assignment. What does the person's voice reveal?

  • Who the person is: Voice is the distinct way a person communicates.
  • Why the person is calling: Voice reveals the purpose of the communication.
  • How the person feels: Tone indicates the person's emotional connection to the topic.

In short, people read voices just as they read faces, inferring a great deal of information from how a person says or writes something.

Also, point out how word choice strongly affects the voice of the writing. The note after the example shows how specific words create a strong tone.

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Sentence Fluency and Conventions

Have volunteers read the two examples on this page. Lead a discussion about the traits demonstrated in each.

Help students understand that different lengths of sentences work for different kinds of ideas.

  • Medium-length sentences carry most of the information.
  • Long sentences present complex ideas.
  • Short sentences punctuate longer thoughts.

Also, help students understand that correct conventions allow readers to grasp ideas without confusion or distraction. The rules of language serve one purpose: making ideas clear.

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Rubric for Effective Writing

Use the Assessment Rubric as a review of the traits and as an introduction to evaluating writing. Let students know that they can use this general writing rubric as they plan, revise, and edit their work. They will find mode-specific rubrics at the end of other chapters: narrative, explanatory, persuasive, literary, creative, and research. All writing rubrics and checklists in this book use the traits of effective writing.

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